characteristics of ethiopian agriculture

University students led the land reform movement and campaigned against the government's reluctance to introduce land reform programs and the lack of commitment to integrated rural development. Pulses, grown widely at all altitudes from sea level to about 3,000 meters, are more prevalent in the northern and central highlands. Abstract The objective of this study was to perform causality tests between agriculture and the rest of the economy using a Granger (1969) causality test procedure. Local demand for meat, milk and eggs is growing as the economy and population grow. The study aimed to characterize the reproductive performances and physical characteristics of Blackhead Somali indigenous sheep breeds. [31] ploughing the land to soften the land takes three months and from sowing and seedling to the harvesting of the crops requires three to four months. Background and Objective: Detailed characterization of bio-physical resources in agricultural landscapes and documenting locally used soil fertility management practices is required for developing site-specific management scenarios in the study area. In fact, Ethiopia recently started importing chicken meat from Ukraine and Brazil. Despite this potential, however, Ethiopian agriculture has remained underdeveloped. It is a major subsistence crop and it is used as food. Our web pages use cookiesinformation about how you interact with the site. The market for agriculture in Ethiopia is projected to register a CAGR of 5.4% during the forecast period, 2021-2026). The industry began in 2004, when the government made an aggressive push for foreign investments by establishing a presence at major international floricultural events. Corn is grown chiefly between elevations of 1,500 and 2,200 meters and requires large amounts of rainfall to ensure good harvests. Private traders and the Agricultural Marketing Corporation (AMC), established in 1976, marketed Ethiopia's agricultural output. According to government statistics, there are approximately 50 million cattle, 50 million goats and sheep, plus an assortment of horses, donkeys, camels and chickens. Such wide price variations created food shortages because farmers as well as private merchants withheld crops to sell on the black market at higher prices.[7]. Grains - Grains are the most important field crops and the main element in the diet of most Ethiopians. The 1977 famine also provided an impetus to promote conservation. With support from the African Development Banks agricultural Technologies for African Agricultural Transformation program. Agricultural products account for . Contract farming, cluster approach and land consolidation, Horticulture (irrigation and urban farming), Climate resilient sustainable agricultural development. @article{Haile1988CausesAC, title={Causes and Characteristics of Drought in Ethiopia. The poor performance of agriculture was related to several factors, including drought; a government policy of controlling prices and the free movement of agricultural products from surplus to deficit areas; the unstable political climate; the dislocation of the rural community caused by resettlement, villagization, and conscription of young farmers to meet military obligations; land tenure difficulties and the problem of land fragmentation; the lack of resources such as farm equipment, better seeds, and fertilizers; and the overall low level of technology. [7], Wheat stem rust threatens the Ethiopian harvest every year and recently that especially means Ug99. The increased production coming from existing and anticipated investments in the local agro-processing sector, as well as imports, are expected to help satisfy this growing demand. Land tenure rights as well as natural disasters, such as floods, hamper the countrys ability to quickly expand cotton production. Research on the constraints, characteristics, and performance of the enterprise sector in low-income countries is often constrained by scarcity . Ethiopias cotton production is insufficient to meet the growing demand from the textile and apparel sector. In the late nineteenth century, about 30% of Ethiopia was covered with forest. Beef exports are also growing, with additional market opportunities on the horizon. Where the topography permits, they are suitable for farming. 2. In Ethiopia's lowlands, for example, the presence of malaria kept farmers from settling in many areas. [24] As Ethiopia increasingly experiences the effects of climate change, drought, and desertification, experts predict that "Ethiopia will have to open its markets to grain imports in order to keep up with the growing demand for meat, milk, and eggs.". Almost the entire rural population was involved in some way with animal husbandry, whose role included the provision of draft power, food, cash, transportation, fuel, and, especially in pastoral areas, social prestige. Ethiopia aims to reach lower-middle-income status by 2025. By 1989, the area covered by the State Farms had grown to a total of 220,000 hectares. Accordingly, state farms received a large share of the country's resources for agriculture; from 1982 to 1990, this totaled about 43% of the government's agricultural investment. These figures varied from those provided by the World Bank, which estimated that cropland, pasture, and forestland accounted for 13%, 41%, and 25%, respectively, of the total land area in 1987. Please see below for the market overview and trade data. y's natural potential, the agricultural performance remains weak; high dependency on rain-fed [7], Livestock production plays an important role in Ethiopia's economy. That is why per hectare yield of crop is . It is cultivated principally by the Gurage, Sidama, and several other ethnic groups in the region. Agriculture accounts for most of (30- 42%) of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the country. [18], Another new source for export revenue is the production of chat, an amphetamine-like stimulant which is consumed both inside Ethiopia and in adjacent countries, and which is considered a drug of abuse that can lead to mild to moderate psychological dependence. Contributions, potentials and characteristics of agriculture in Ethiopia The contributions of agriculture in Ethiopia The Ethiopian economy is an agrarian economy. Consequently, the country faced a famine that resulted in the death of nearly 1 million people from 1984 to 1986. Since the revolution, most commercial cotton has been grown on irrigated state farms, mostly in the Awash Valley area. The major product in are teff, wheat, maize, sesame, Niger, linseed etc. In the 1980s, as part of an effort to increase production and to improve the cultivation and harvesting of coffee, the government created the Ministry of Coffee and Tea Development (now the ECTA), which was responsible for production and marketing. While, Gebreyesus and Kirubel (2009) reported that the heavy reliance of some 85 percent of Ethiopia's growing population on an exploitative kind of subsistence agriculture is a major reason behind the current state of land degradation. Exports are almost entirely agricultural commodities, and coffee is the largest foreign exchange earner. The objective of the LSMS-ISA is to collect multi-topic panel household level data with a special focus on improving agriculture statistics and the link between . This paper analyzes and discusses how the newly adopted system is structured and operates, the characteristics of extension services, and the evaluation system employed in agricultural extension, and assesses the challenges and opportunities associated with the system. In Ethiopia 95% of the total area is cultivated by smallholder farmers and contribute 90% of the total agricultural output. Some estimates indicated that yields on peasant farms were higher than those on state farms. NEED FOR A SPECIFIC TREATMENT OF AGRICULTURE . ", Table D.1.1, "The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia: Statistical Appendix", p. 26. Agriculture, which constituted 46 percent of GDP and more than 80 percent of exports, is by far the most important economic activity in the Ethiopian economy. Increased production as well as imports are required to close this gap. Washington, DC 20230. "National Statistical Abstract. . landholdings are tiny, fragmented and unsuitable for modern methods of agriculture. . Ethiopia Socioeconomic Survey Wave3, 2015-2016. More details on the latest grain and oilseeds situation in Ethiopia can be found in our Grain & Feed and our Oilseeds Reports. Supply and demand characteristics 2 2.3. Pulses were a particularly important export item before the revolution. [7], Ethiopia's estimated livestock population is often said to be the largest in Africa. In Ethiopia, agricultural export development is done in livestock, grains, vegetables, fruits, and fruits. The Ethiopian Socioeconomic Survey (ESS) is a collaborative project between the Central Statistics Agency of Ethiopia (CSA) and the World Bank Living Standards Measurement Study- Integrated Surveys on Agriculture (LSMS-ISA) team. Characteristics of agricultural landscape features and local soil fertility management practices in Northwestern Amhara, Ethiopia. Soil acidity is one of the most important environmental threats to the Ethiopian highlands where the livelihood of the majority of people is reliant on agriculture. External links to other Internet sites should not be construed as an endorsement of the views or privacy policies contained therein. These three grains constitute the staple foods of a good part of the population and are major items in the diet of the nomads. The GOE has an ambitious plan to attain wheat self-sufficiency and halt importations. It began with the domestication of crops and animals. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS [7], Imperial government policy permitting investors to import fertilizers, pesticides, tractors and combines, and (until 1973) fuel free of import duties encouraged the rapid expansion of large-scale commercial farming. In addition, the rugged topography of the highlands, the brief but extremely heavy rainfalls that characterize many areas, and centuries-old farming practices that do not include conservation measures have accelerated soil erosion in much of Ethiopia's highland areas. [30] These tools includes sickle, pick axe, plough shaft, ploughshare, plow, beam and animal force as a machines. J. Section D. By 1974 the Ministry of Agriculture's Extension and Project Implementation Department had more than twenty-eight areas with more than 200 extension and marketing centers. Among the top priorities identified by the GOE include: small and large-scale irrigation development, financing agricultural inputs, increasing productivity of crops and livestock, improving agricultural production methods using mechanization, post-harvest loss reduction, developing a research-based food security system, and natural resource management. The Government of Ethiopia (GOE) has embarked on a ten-year economic development plan (2021-2030) where agriculture is on the top of priority sectors. Some of the land targeted for commercial development is considered marginal, prone to conflict, and/or has limited access to water. [7], The objectives of villagization included grouping scattered farming communities throughout the country into small village clusters, promoting rational land use, conserving resources, providing access to clean water and to health and education services, and strengthen security. Between 198485 and 198687, at the height of the drought, Ethiopia received more than 1.7 million tons of grain, about 14 percent of the total food aid for Africa. Major Rivers of Ethiopia Water resources. Agro-processing, such as beverages, biscuits, bread, milk, meat, chicken, cooking oil, fruit and vegetables, etc. Food as a most essential good 3 2.5. "Roles of extension and ethno-religious networks in acceptance of resource-conserving agriculture among Ethiopian farmers." Commercial Imports from the United States, Source: USDA/Foreign Agriculture Service, Addis Ababa, (Total market size = (total local production + imports) - exports). Practically all animals are range-fed. This government-led outreach, combined with low labor and electricity costs, has already yielded fruits with a number of Turkish, Indian, Chinese, Indonesian and other foreign firms opening businesses in Ethiopia in recent years. Although the AMC had agents in all regions, it was particularly active in the major cereal producing regions, namely, Gojjam, Shewa, Arsi, and Gondar. In addition to its domestic use, sesame is also the principal export oilseed. Top 3 Trade Partners (2021): China, India, and United States. The Blue Nile from Ethiopia originating form Lake Tana and the White Nile that originated form Lake Victoria merge into the Great Nile River at Khartoum, the Sudan capital to form the longest river of the world draining to the Mediterranean Sea.The Blue Nile Falls is one . Land Use Distribution and Change in Lake Tana Sub Basin -- 23. "Agriculture" (and subsections). Citation: Kehali Jembere, Tekalign Mamo and Kibebew Kibret, 2017. First, the recurring droughts had devastated the country's main areas where pulses and oilseeds were grown. At the same time, to accelerate the countrys agricultural development, the government established the Agricultural Transformation Institute (ATI) to address systemic bottlenecks in the agriculture sector by supporting and enhancing the capability of the Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) and other public, private, and non-governmental implementing partners. The chicken business also shows promising opportunities. For example, during the pre-reform period, sixty-one out of 200 farmer respondents owned three or four parcels of land; after the reform, the corresponding number was 135 farmers. A potential exists for self-sufficiency in grains and for export development in livestock, grains, vegetables, and fruits. Industrial Parks Development Corporation (IPDC), Textile Industry Development Institute (ETIDI), Ethiopian Cotton Producer, Ginners, and Exporters Association (ECPGEA). Top 3 Exported Goods (2021): Coffee & Spices, Vegetables, and Oil Seeds. Food production had consistently declined throughout the 1980s. Consequently, Ethiopia became a net importer of grain worth about 243 million Birr annually from 198384 to, 198788. Section D. The highest concentration of poultry is in Shewa, in central Wollo, and in northwestern Tigray. Grain consumption, especially for wheat and wheat-based products like bread and pasta, continues to climb as incomes rise and more people move to urban centers. The government nationalized rural land without compensation, abolished tenancy, forbade the hiring of wage labor on private farms, ordered all commercial farms to remain under state control, and granted each peasant family so-called "possessing rights" to a plot of land not to exceed ten hectares. In addition, the GOE is looking to the agro-processing sector (also a best prospect sector detailed below) as one engine to spur future economic growth. Develop a legal framework for agriculture-specific financial services such as micro-lending, crop insurance and forward contracts. [17], Cotton is grown throughout Ethiopia below elevations of about 1,400 meters. to industries; export crops, from whose sales industries infrastructure and the like may be established; and . Agriculture, which constituted 46 percent of GDP and more than 80 percent of exports, is by far the most important economic activity in the Ethiopian economy. Teff, indigenous to Ethiopia, furnishes the flour for enjera, an sourdough pancake-like bread that is the principal form in which grain is consumed in the highlands and in urban centers throughout the country. According to the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU), Ethiopia's GDP growth rate will increase by around 7.8% to 10% by 2023.

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