swing bands featured sections of trumpets, saxophones, and

When you mentioned the word Jazz to the average person, they probably think of Swing music, and for good reason. But on performance day, this band of Lab rats replaces the high-tech gizmos with trumpets, saxophones, trombones, drums and a piano. Traveling conditions and lodging were difficult, in part due to segregation in most parts of the United States, and the personnel often had to perform having had little sleep and food. A large string instrument with an extremely low pitch, the Double Bass is a staple of most swing bands. Another interesting and important development happened with Swing improvisation. Many musical styles contributed to its birth. Transcontinental trips often required a stop in one of these cities. A unique feature of this style was the use of riffs performed as call and response between woodwinds and brass as an integral part of the arrangement heard in Bennie Motens Moten Swing (1932) and Count Basies One OClock Jump (1937). In a big band jazz group, at least three trumpets, two trombones, four or more saxophones, and a rhythm section of piano, guitar, bass, and drums are combined with a vocal element. Holiday crossed musical genres, singing jazz, blues, and pop while keeping her individual singing style. Unlike the concert band, the lead players should never be seated on the end of the section. Swing is sandwiched between two huge historical events. Charlie Parkers album South of the Border illustrated the influence of this genre on a bop artist, and the Tokyo Cuban Boys, an Afro-Cuban band dating from the postWorld War II years, exemplified the musics international appeal. Check them out, though Im sure you would already recognise many of them. They had Count Basie, they had Benny Moten, they had George Lee, they had Junior Lee, they had Lester Young, they had Walter Brown., What I heard in that first nine-piece Basie band was the sort of free, swinging jazz that I have always preferred. - Jazz vocalists during this era were highly influenced by horn players. BERNSTEIN also incorporated Cool (of the Dave Brubeck Quartet that also featured alto saxophonist Paul DESMOND), an improvisation: melody, harmony, and form. Hickman relied on Ferde Grof, Whiteman on Bill Challis. Radio increased the fame of Benny Goodman, the "Pied Piper of Swing". Da Capo Reprint Paperback, 1973. Count Basies music contains lively rhythms, economic piano style, and a relaxed swing sound. rapidly with both black and white audiences. How Did Buddy Bolden Influence The Way Back To The Birth Of Jazz? - ipl.org As swing developed, the second player became responsible for most of the jazz solos. The bands led by Helen Lewis, Ben Bernie, and Roger Wolfe Kahn's band were filmed by Lee de Forest in his Phonofilm sound-on-film process in 1925, in three short films which are in the Library of Congress film collection. In swing, the saxophone was usually featured as the leading instrumental soloist. style, boogie-woogie was born. So generally the pianist played very rhythmically, and helped keep the beat. The Great Depression, which started with the stock market crash in 1929, and WWII which ended in 1945. The methods of dance bands marked a step away from New Orleans jazz. performing at the same time." From style known as SWING. The most basic element of a song is also one of the most important a good rhythm. The Glenn Miller band was one of the most popular bands of the Swing Era. Good Morning Blues: The Autobiography of Count Basie. To produce memorable swing music entertainment, you need a solid base, some leading ingredients and some harmonic elements. the late 1930s through the 1950s, Duke Ellington was one of the premier swing band harmony. By this time the big band was such a dominant force in jazz that the older generation found they either had to adapt to it or simply retire. Many bands from the swing era continued for decades after the death or departure of their founders and namesakes, and some are still active in the 21st century, often referred to as "ghost bands", a term attributed to Woody Herman, referring to orchestras that persist in the absence of their original leaders. The instrumental lineup of a big band will vary from ensemble to ensemble, but is typically composed of around 17 musicians, divided into four sections: five saxophones; four trombones; four trumpets; a rhythm section of piano, double bass and drums; Common additions might include guitar, french horn, tuba or a vocalist. However, jazz continued its artistic evolution as swing became established around 1929. Stream Jazz" by combining a jazz combo with symphony orchestra. Important New York figures of this time include Chick Webb, Jimmie Lunceford, and Duke Ellington. Hendersons arrangements used tighter harmonic control, less emphasis on improvisation, and a controlled use of polyphony. Swing bands featured sections of trumpets, saxophones, and trombones The invention of ______ helped the record industry to recover in the mid-1930s. A general format emerged from the creation of a swing jazz arrangement. (click Lester Young & Herschel Evans. [27] Each iteration, or chorus, commonly follows twelve bar blues form or thirty-two-bar (AABA) song form. In Swing was hugely popular in fact, it was the pop music of the 1930s. A ballad is a simple song, usually romantic in nature, and uses the same melody for each stanza. The rhythm section would typically include piano, string bass, drum set, with occasional additions of guitar or other chordal/melody instruments. When the trumpets and saxophones are combined in a musical accompaniment, they can lead a vibrant and multi-toned swing melody. Big band swing was at the forefront of jazz and underwent its most concentrated growth and development from 1930 . In contrast to the typical jazz emphasis on improvisation, big bands relied on written compositions and arrangements. until you reach The better jazz musicians of swing bands would form swing combos within most large bands. Carnegie Hall in New York City presented Benny Goodman jazz concerts for the first time in 1938. His famous recording Body and Soul, recorded in 1939, is known for its continuous smooth sound. Latin-based rock idiom). Byron Almen, Dorothy Payne, Stefan Kostka. Later, a fifth bass trombone was often added. The Swing Era: The Development of Jazz, 19301945. The latter included blues, ballads, novelty songs, and Broadway tunes. Nostalgia for the Big Band style has kept it alive today. of main line "crooners" such as Bing In the fifties, the emergence of rock-and-roll would capture broad attention as jazz moved in new artistic directions. 1930s, jazz expanded into a "Big Band" phenomenon with Duke Ellington creating a style known as "Dixieland" Jazz or Up until the Swing Era improvisation was essentially just playing the melody with some embellishments. has complex syncopated polyrhythms, (3) expressive "blue" (bent The moral? The "Modern Popular Music" chart below, Columbia, Victor, and Decca were the three most important, Swing bands featured sections of trumpets, saxophones, and. listeners to love jazz.. Much like the stock in Gumbo, it provides an essential rhythmic and harmonic element in swing music. Big band | Lindypedia | Fandom ", One of the most common forms used in jazz The 194244 musicians' strike worsened the situation. African American theaters and night clubs, the Apollo, the Savoy, and the Lafayette, became legendary for presenting jazz combos and orchestras. And there were also 2 different styles of Swing music. [48][49][50] Big band remotes on the major radio networks spread the music from ballrooms and clubs across the country during the 1930s and 1940s, with remote broadcasts from jazz clubs continuing into the 1950s on NBC's Monitor. initiated by a 4-measure lead-in improvised over a "C" chord The focus shifted away from the arranger and toward the improvising performer. And they played dance music. As I said before, Swing music is played by Big Bands. Hammond, John. . Although many of these bands maintain a close tie to the swinging style of the Basie and Herman bands, others exhibit a new and very individualized style. attractive to general listeners. A versatile instrument, the saxophone is swing musics version of the Holy Trinity (celery, bell peppers and onions) used in Gumbo. Swing as popular music usually had vocals, such as Glenn Miller's "Chattanooga Choo-Choo," and was intended for dancing. Fitzgerald was unique in her ability to render exact imitations of nearly any instrument in the band. Unit 5 CROSBY, Frank SINATRA, and Doris DAY, who blossomed as featured vocalists with prominent bands The swing era is thought to be the best time to consider big band music as a concept for music fans. But you also need to inject your style and personality into the music you make. This pattern reinforced the second and fourth beat of every measure and later became known as a back beat. Additionally, the drummer accommodated the improvisations of soloists, providing a non-intrusive, laid-back swing pattern. ARMSTRONG took "Hot" Jazz to Chicago, where its popularity grew harmony, structure and instrumentation. Although The By the end of the war, swing was giving way to less danceable music, such as bebop. here to see a YouTube clip on jazz improvisation). The invention of ______ helped the record industry to recover in the mid-1930s. Louis Armstrong was the first to establish vocals as a part of an instrumental tradition. [24] In many cases, however, the distinction between these roles can become blurred. Foremost, they accentuated the movement of choreographed dancers. In 1919, Paul Whiteman hired Grof to use similar techniques for his band. Count Basie's saxophone section included. Above all else, Swing music is dance music which means it was: This also meant it was incredibly commercial. Duke Ellington (18991974) proved that orchestrating jazz was an art of the highest level. %PDF-1.5 % Bandleader Charlie Barnet's recording of "Cherokee" in 1942 and "The Moose" in 1943 have been called the beginning of the bop era. Many musicians served in the military and toured with USO troupes at the front, with Glenn Miller losing his life while traveling between shows. Hickman's arranger, Ferde Grof, wrote arrangements in which he divided the jazz orchestra into sections that combined in various ways. The Ellington orchestra succeeded in part through the expert use and contribution of consistently talented and unique players. These consist of the independent use of trumpet, trombone, saxophone, and rhythm section with the use of soloists. [22] Some bandleaders, such as Guy Lombardo, performed works composed by others (in Lombardo's case, often by his brother Carmen),[23] while others, such as Maria Schneider, take on all three roles. Jazz Big Band Seating Placement - Earl MacDonald Here are the five most common swing band instruments, and how they commonly fit into swing music. Later, A big band is a type of musical ensemble associated with playing jazz music and which became popular during the Swing Era from the early 1930s until the late 1940s. Whiteman was educated in classical music, and he called his new band's music symphonic jazz. Singers Billie Holiday and Ella Fitzgerald came to the popular forefront during the swing era. Ellington allowed individuals to retain their own identities and to expand and explore their own directions. Some of the Piano techniques employed during the Swing Era were: A good example of this is the Count Basie song Kansas City Keys. While drum sets are typically used for this important task in swing music, single drums can also do the trick if theyre played with precision. Beginning of the Swing Era - highered.mheducation.com New York was an important geographic area for the developments leading toward the swing style of jazz. Paul Whiteman (18901967), called the King of Jazz, sought after talented top names for his band like Bing Crosby, Bix Beiderbecke, and Jimmy and Tommy Dorsey. 1920s as a blending of blues, ragtime, and civic brass band traditions, then this Swing was massively popular during the 1930s, so popular, in fact, that it was the pop music of its time. In New Orleans, black They established independent patterns for the trumpets, trombones, saxophones, and the rhythm section within segments of the arrangement that featured improvised solos. Swing is an outgrowth of the 1920s big band traditions in Chicago, Kansas City, and New York City. The swing era took place during which two important historical events? Many bands suffered from loss of personnel and a decline in quality during the war years. Swing bands featured orchestras with sections of trumpets, saxophones, and _________________. is exactly what the jazz musician does to keep track of the blues formone In the 1950s, a smooth style of "West A distinctly new genre appeared in the late 1930s that to some degree bridged the differences between big band swing and bebop combos, and this was West Indian influenced music. Swing bands featured a large ensemble of here to see a YouTube video on "swing" groove vs. other types of Critics and historians refer to these groups as ghost bands because of the absence of their leaders and new personnel. "It Don't Mean a Thing (If It Ain't Got That Swing)" - Duke Ellington & Ella Fitzgerald, It Dont Mean a Thing (If It Aint Got That Swing),, Kansas City was the swingingest sound in the world. "C" Jam Blues (1942). a) Henderson's big band comprises five brass instruments (three trumpets and two trombones), four reed instruments (saxophones and clarinets), and a rhythm section consisting of piano, bass, They provide the base, the foundation on which the rest of the music can thrive. The popular appeal of Benny Goodman's Trio and Quartet had a good deal to do with the extroverted energy of. - The Big Bands began to appear in movies in the 1930s through the 1960s, though cameos by bandleaders were often stiff and incidental to the plot.Shep Fields appeared with his Rippling Rhythm Orchestra in a playful and integrated animated performance of "This Little Ripple Had Rhythm" in the musical extravaganza The Big Broadcast of 1938. New York in the late 1920s. For the trumpet and trombone players, the most common configuration is 2-1-3-4, from the director's . YouTube clip with basic piano chords, click here to see a YouTube This is where one section (say, the brass section, i.e., trumpets and trombones) would play a musical phrase and then be "answered" by another section (say, the saxes); the first phrase is the call, the answer is the response (like a musical conversation). . His sax playing is distinguished by a full tone, flowing lines, and heavy vibrato. The repertoire of swing bands featured both jazz and popular arrangements. He was a pianist, accompanist, and music director for blues singers, dancers, and comedians. Swing band music was organized in homophonywhere two or more instruments played similar or complementary lines. Scat singing, along with his gravelly voice, became Armstrongs trademark sound, as heard in Lazy River (1931). Professor Daniels book publications include Lester Leaps In: The Life and Times of Lester Pres Young (Beacon, 2002); Pioneer Urbanites: A Social and Cultural History of Black San Francisco; and One Oclock Jump: The Unforgettable History of the Oklahoma City Blue Devils (Beacon Press, 2006). Daniels, Douglas. As a result of the military draft and transportation hardships in the U.S., the swing era ended quickly. Don Ellis, an excellent trumpet player and drummer, is influenced by music from India. syllables). Q G("CH^T)daA]yg~zN^y>.g~01D%>7dj.|K+8'9 q*U!i|O1#"v\YOGtc_GD1JL. performing at the same time. The Timeline of African American Music by Portia K. Maultsby, Ph.D. presents the remarkable diversity of African American music, revealing the unique characteristics of each genre and style, from the earliest folk traditions to present-day popular music. of American jazz. Louis ARMSTRONG (1900-1971): Hotter Than That (1927). Boyd Raeburn drew from symphony orchestras by adding flute, French horn, strings, and timpani to his band. The swing era followed boogie-woogie. piece several times, but the most famous is from 1942, with the following II era. Jazz orchestras were necessary for the shows and musicals, and well-trained musicians were highly valued. In 1925, bandleader Paul Whiteman Asthe name of that sound suggests, Count Basie played in Kansas City. and Ph. The string bass replaced the tuba and the guitar replaced the banjo. clip on the basic jazz rhythm section. Swing bands adopted a consistent instrumentation of four sections that remained fairly stable. The music business suffered during the Great Depression. ragtime projected in the way the drums and bass express the beat, how the piano [25] Billy Strayhorn, for example, was a prolific composer and arranger, frequently collaborating with Duke Ellington, but rarely took on the role of bandleader, which was assumed by Ellington, who himself was a composer and arranger. The looser compositional forms encouraged contributions from the players. Blues tradition, then became popular with white listeners during the World War Here are the five most common swing band instruments, and how they commonly fit into swing music. orchestral jazz crossover movement that had an enormous impact on getting white trumpet. With no market for small-group recordings (made worse by a Depression-era industry reluctant to take risks), musicians such as Louis Armstrong and Earl Hines led their own bands, while others, like Jelly Roll Morton and King Oliver, lapsed into obscurity. The wind component of a big band consists of three sections: the saxophones (usually three to five players with various combinations of alto, tenor and baritone saxes and with some of the players doubling on flutes and clarinets); the trombones (typically three or four players, one of whom specializes on the bass trombone); and the trumpets . [47] In Kansas City and across the Southwest, an earthier, bluesier style was developed by such bandleaders as Bennie Moten and, later, by Jay McShann and Jesse Stone. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997. and ingenuity. John Coltrane's "hard bop" of The trumpeter blows on the mouthpiece at one end of the trumpet with closed lips, and the sound wave reverberates through the tube until it exits out the widened far end of the instrument. Swing bands featured orchestras with sections of trumpets, saxophones, and. Typically the most prominent shows with the earliest time slots and largest audiences have bigger bands with horn sections while those in later time slots go with smaller, leaner ensembles. 3. Beside her vocal timbre, her unique style delayed the placement of words and phrases compared with the musical pulse, producing a behind-the-beat effect that became her trademark. is called the "12-bar blues." (London: Paladin) 1987. www.bigfishaudio.com. 1. Thats intentional; the individual style of each swing band is what makes the music unique, much as the seasoning used in a particular Gumbo can make it one of a kind. completely abandoned the song's melody, which has made this style less Swing grew out of New Orleans Jazz and the evolved into Bebop. Basie, Count. Many Kansas City bands featured head arrangements, which were . KC Jazz marked the transition from the heavily structured, arranged and written out Big Band style of Swing to the more fluid and improvisation style of Bebop. It served to distract people from the daily grind of reality. Jimmy Rushing, Oklahoma City native and early member of the Blue Devils, set a style in blues and jazz that was imitated widely by others. His bebop collaborations with trumpeter Dizzy GILLESPIE are some of the greatest moments in music history. alto saxophone. Perhaps it started with the habanera in Mortons early compositions, and in the bridge of W. C. Handys St. Music is My Mistress. The Classic Swing Band from Dallas uses this very instrument in every show!! Packed with Ph.D.s, this scientific swing band performs a play list that leans heavily toward the heavens. Bandleaders dealt with these obstacles through rigid discipline (Glenn Miller) and canny psychology (Duke Ellington). 0 The popularity of many of the major bands was amplified by star vocalists, such as Frank Sinatra with Tommy Dorsey, Helen O'Connell and Bob Eberly with Jimmy Dorsey, Ella Fitzgerald with Chick Webb, Billie Holiday and Jimmy Rushing with Count Basie, Dick Haymes and Helen Forrest with Harry James, Doris Day with Les Brown,[40] and Peggy Lee with Benny Goodman. [51] Fictionalized biographical films of Glenn Miller, Gene Krupa, and Benny Goodman were made in the 1950s. : The rhythmic phenomenon of "swing" feeling is [30], Some big ensembles, like King Oliver's, played music that was half-arranged, half-improvised, often relying on head arrangements. innovators include pianist Dave BRUBECK Other methods of embellishing the form include modulations and cadential extensions. IMPORTANT MUSICIANS: Louis Armstrong (cornet/trumpet), Bix Beiderbecke (cornet), Jelly Roll Morton (piano/composer), Sidney Bechet (soprano sax, clarinet), Earl "Fatha" Hines (piano) Swing/Big Band Era (1930-1945) and Benny Goodman (who took jazz to Hollywood in the mid-1930s). jazz-fusion (combining elements of jazz and rock musics). endstream endobj 1555 0 obj <>/Metadata 104 0 R/Outlines 108 0 R/PageLayout/OneColumn/Pages 1544 0 R/StructTreeRoot 655 0 R/Type/Catalog>> endobj 1556 0 obj <>/Font<>>>/Rotate 0/StructParents 0/Type/Page>> endobj 1557 0 obj <>stream The Music . [1][2] The division in early big bands, from the 1920s to 1930s, was typically two or three trumpets, one or two trombones, three or four saxophones, and a rhythm section of four instruments. interacts with the bass and drums, and how the beat is divided up in complex Ellington, Duke Kennedy. instruments (Saxophone, trumpet, clarinet, trombone, flute, vibraphone, etc.). The Henderson band is considerably larger than most syncopated dance bands of the 1920s (eight or nine musicians). The dance duo Vernon and Irene Castle popularized the foxtrot while accompanied by the Europe Society Orchestra led by James Reese Europe. a) Henderson's big band comprises five brass instruments (three trumpets and two trombones), four reed instruments (saxophones and clarinets), and a rhythm section consisting of piano, bass, Carnegie Halls interactive Timeline of African American Music is dedicated to the loving memory of the late soprano and recitalist Jessye Norman. ELLINGTON and William "Count" [26], Typical big band arrangements from the swing era were written in strophic form with the same phrase and chord structure repeated several times. Among all the jazz vocalists that followed, most cite her as having the most influence on their scatting style. "Hot" Jazz, as improvised over standard blues patterns. These artists added new instrumentssuch as congas, other percussion instruments, timbales, maracas, and clavesand relied on powerful multi-rhythmic pulses to highlight jazz compositions within the big band as well as the small combo formats. Social life changed and large ballrooms were needed for the thousands who wanted to dance every night and large bands seemed to be the answer to filling these dance halls with music. Cool Jazz Alto sax player, arranger, and bandleader Jimmie Lunceford (19021947) studied music at and graduated from Fisk University in 1926. These smaller groups would play during intermissions of the larger band. (Change the second verb to the future progressive form.). characterized by independent instrumental lines, massive harmonic dissonance, Benny Goodman (19091986) was a superior clarinetist who began appearing on stage by the age of twelve. [1], Duke Ellington led his band at the Cotton Club in Harlem. highly improvisatory style called Bebop, Orchestra. jw7(W3;TEd5SOBmlyb./hh IOQ,+B}I\fT-q\ dJ(0!GF>B)- |0~J;:AC*: Y3[.(&=>:UU5aH@ZLLEc))3c.mcX=ia&1cy]aE~9CB7L_ In Harlem, the creative and literary arts, Black musicals, and big band entertainment flourished within the movement known as the Harlem Renaissance, in which music played as great or possibly a greater role than literature. Many bands toured the country in grueling one-night stands. II. Glenn Miller (19041944) was a brilliant arranger, an outstanding businessman, and a fine trombone player. Rockefeller Arts Center. black jazz musicians developed an. A standard big band consists of saxes, trumpets and trombones with a rhythm section. Which of the following changes occurred in the rhythm section during the 1930s? With the exception of Jelly Roll Morton, who continued playing in the New Orleans style, bandleaders paid attention to the demand for dance music and created their own big bands.

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